persaingan usaha photocopy (lanjutan)

Persaingan Usaha Photocopy dilingkungan Kampus Universitas Gunadarma.

OLEH :

ADITYIA SEPTIADI

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1  LATARBELAKANG MASALAH

Dalam dunia Mahasiswa khususnya mereka yang tidak memiliki buku dan malas dalam mencatat photocopy adalah alternatif terbaik untuk mendapatkan salinan dari sumber tersebut. Selain harganya relatif mudah juga efesien bagi mahasiswa. Namun pada kenyataannya banyak kita temui masalah-masalah yang berhubungan dengan persaingan usaha photocopy di lingkungan sekitarab kampus. Beberapa perusahaan atau toko mengalami kendala jika jarak toko mereka sedikit jauh dengan kampus karena mahasiswa sebagian besar memilih tempat photocopy terdekat. Sehingga persaingan harga disini kadang tidak terlalu berpengaruh. Masalah bukan hanya ada pada toko usaha photocopy yang letaknya jauh dari kampus namun bagi letak atau jaraknya dekat dengan kampus pun mempunyai kendala yaitu tenaga kerja khususnya pada saat menjelang waktu ujian. Dengan adanya pesaing maka kita dapat mengetahui seberapa baik kinerja kita. Beberapa indicator untuk mengukur kinerja persaingan usaha dari sisi produk adalah jumlah dan kualitas produk itu sendiri, dari sisi jasa adalah kualitas pelayanan jasa dan dengan persaingn dapat menurunkan harga ketingkat yang lebih rendah

1.2  MASALAH

Dan masalah yang akan kita bahas adalah sebagai   berikut:

1.      Masalah internal atau eksternal yang menjadi kendala utama?

2.      Strategi apa yang digunakan pengusaha untuk memaksimalkan usahanya?

3.      Bagaimana menciptakan persaingan usaha yang kondusif?

1.3  TUJUAN

1.      Untuk mengetahui apakah masalah internal atau eksternal menjadi kendala utama persainganh photocopy tersebut

2.      Untuk mengetahui strategi apa yang mereka gunakan

1.4  KEGUNAAN

Agar dapat memberikan informasi kepada usaha kecil untuk dapt menganalisa strategi pemasaran mereka serta terciptanya persaingan usaha yang kondusif.

BAB II

KERANGKA TEORI

1.         MENURUT UU. NO. 5 TH 1999

Persaingan adalah keadaan ketika organisasi berperang atau berlomba untuk mencapai hasil atau tujuan yang diinginkan – seperti konsumen, pangsa pasar, peringkat survey, atau sumber daya yang dibutuhkan. Dan persaingan tidak sehat adalah  persaingan antar pelaku usaha dalam

menjalankan kegiatan produksi dan atau pemasaran barang dan atau jasa

yang dilakukan dengan cara tidak jujur atau melawan hukum atau menghambat persaingan usaha.

Tujuan pembentukan undang-undang ini adalah untuk:

a. menjaga kepentingan umum dan meningkatkan efisiensi ekonomi nasional

sebagai salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat;

b. mewujudkan iklim usaha yang kondusif melalui pengaturan persaingan usaha

yang sehat sehingga menjamin adanya kepastian kesempatan berusaha yang sama bagi pelaku usaha besar, pelaku usaha menengah, dan pelaku usaha kecil;

c. mencegah praktek monopoli dan atau persaingan usaha tidak sehat yang

ditimbulkan oleh pelaku usaha; dan

d. terciptanya efektivitas dan efisiensi dalam kegiatan usaha.

2.         KEGIATAN USAHA YANG DILARANG

Menurut UU No 5 Th 1999 ada beberapa bentuk kegiatan usaha yang dilarang yaitu :

 I.         Monopoli

Pelaku usaha dilarang melakukan penguasaan atas produksi dan atau pemasaran barang dan atau jasa yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya praktek monopoli dan atau persaingan usaha tidak sehat. (pasal 17 ayat (1)).

II.         Monopsoni

Pelaku usaha dilarang menguasai penerimaan pasokan atau menjadi pembeli tunggal atas barang dan atau jasa dalam pasar bersangkutan yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya praktek monopoli dan atau persaingan usaha tidak sehat. (Pasal 18 ayat 2).

III.         Penguasaan Pasar

Sebagaimana telah diatur pada pasal 19 hingga pasal 21

IV.         Dan masih terdapat banyak lagi kegiatan yang dilarang menurut UU NO 5 th 1999 yang mana tertuang pada pasal 17 sampai pasal 21.

3.         PEMERLAKUAN UNDANG-UNDANG UMKM

Inti dalam undang-undang ini adalah memberikan kepastian hukum, mengatur kemitraan antara perusahaan besar dengan perusahaan kecil, ketentuan tentang UKM, lembaga, perizinan, sarana, informasi usaha, aspek promosi, kreteria UKM, fasilitas dari daerah dan pemerintah, penciptaan iklim usaha, pembiayaan.

4.            ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR PERSAINGAN

RANGKING	FAKTOR INTERNAL Variabel (X)	FAKTOR EKSTERNAL Variabel (Y)
1	MODAL	KETERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU
2	TENAGA KERJA	KONDISI EKONOMI
3	TEKNOLOGI PERALATAN	KEAMANAN
4	PEMASARAN	SARANA DAN PRASARANA
5	INOVASI	KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI
6	MANAJEMEN USAHA	FASILITAS EKONOMI
7	EFISIENSI	JARAK

5.            PENGEMBANGAN HIPOTESIS

Ho                        : Adakah pengaruh antara dua faktor tersebut.

Ha                        : Tidak ada pengaruh antara dua faktor tersebut.

BAB III

         METODE PENELITIAN

A.    MODEL PENELITIAN

      Persaingan usaha pada pasar oligopoly umumnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan model persaingan harga yaitu model persaingan kuasi, kartel, Cournot atau model variasi terkaan. Model persaingan kuasi menggambarkan bahwa persaingan usaha antar perusahaan pada tingkat persaingan sempurna sehingga setiap perusahaan memperoleh keuntungan normal. Model kartel menggambarkan bahwa perusahaan di pasar oligopoly tidak bersaing tetapi bekerja sama menentukan harga sehingga total keuntungan yang diperoleh perusahaan tersebut setinggi seperti yang diperoleh perusahaan oligopoly. Tingkat persaingan dan keuntungan usaha pada model Cournot dan variasi terkaan berada pada tinggkat persaingan dan keuntungan usaha pada model kuasi dan kartel.

      Dengan tingkat persaingan yang rendah sampai tinggi, satu dari empat model persaingan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis persaingan usaha antar usaha photocopy yang ada di sekitaran kampus Universitas Gunadarma, sepanjang asumsinya terpenuhi. Model-model tersebut antara lain didasarkan pada asumsi bahwa (1). Permintaan pasar cukup besar, (2). Produk yang dihasilkan bersifat sama (homogen), (3). Hanya ada satu tingkat harga dipasar. (Nicholson, 1988; Tisdel, 1979).

B.     PENGUMPULAN DATA

     

      Data diperoleh dalam bentuk primer dan juga sekunder yang meliputi persaingan usaha menurut perundang-undangan, kegiatan usaha yang dilarang dan analisis faktor-faktor terjadinya persaingan    . pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode kepustakaan dan wawancara langsung kepada pemilik usah photocopy sekitaran kampus dan juga mahasiswa Universitas Gunadarma. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik snowball sampling. Pertama-tama kami pilih satu atau dua orang secara  purposive yaitu pemilihan dilakukan setelah memastikan sampel adalah benar-benar pemilik usaha photocopy disekitar kampus Universitas Gunadarma dan Mahasiswa yang sering menggunakan jasa photocopy tersebut. Kemudian Mahasiswa tersebut khususnya diminta untuk merekomendasikan teman-temannya yang benar-benar sering menggunakan jasa tersebut untuk menjadi sampel berikutnya. Teknik ini diambil karena tidak diketahuinya jumlah populasi penelitiannya.

C.     PENGELOLAAN DATA

     

      Pendapatan pemilik usaha photocopy yang berasal dari gaji dan keuntungan dihitung dengan rumus :

      Dimana :    I   : pendapatan (Rp/tahun)

                        Pi : harga photocopy (Rp/lembar)

                        Qi : jumlah penjualan (lembar/tahun)

                        X  : biaya tetap minus gaji (Rp/tahun)

                        Ci : Biaya operasional (Rp/lembar)

                       

D.    SAMPEL DAN POPULASI

      Populasi dan Sampel didapat melalui hasil wawancara kepada selurh pemilik usaha photocopy yang terletak dekat dengan kampus universitas Gunadarma yaitu sepanjang jalan raya Akses UI. Mulai dari kampus G Gunadarma hingga kampus H Gunadarma dan juga Mahasiswa Universitas Gunadarma. Populasi ini dipilih karena beberapa pertimbangan bahwa mereka adalah obyek utama dalam pengumpulan data primer.

BAB IV

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

A.    KESIMPULAN

1.         Persaingan usaha merepakan dampak positif jika dilakukan secara sehat karena akan mendorong pelaku usaha dapat bekerja untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, efisiensi, dan kualitas produknya.

2.      Faktor produktivitas merupakan salh satu kunci kelangsungan UMKM. Meski teknologi semakin berkembang dan memegang peran penting dalam usaha pengembangn produktivitas akan tetapi, kebanyakan pengamat masih memandang cara memperlakukan manusia pasa sistem operasi sekala kecil maupun besar sebagai kunci menuju peningkatan produktivitas.

3.      Persaingn usaha yang sehat dapat mengurangi atau menghilangkan konsentrasi ekonomi dan memperbesar usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah.

B.     SARAN

1.      Semua instrument yang berkaitan dengan UU No. 5 tahun 1999 harus dilibatkan dan dikembangkan untuk mendukung upaya persaingan yang sehat dan pemberdayaan UMKM.

2.      Peran pemerintah maupun Pemda sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengatur serta mendorong UMKM agar dapat tercipta usaha yang baik secara hokum.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Aswicahyono, Haryo (2004), Persaingan Pasar, Kompas, 3 Desember.

Firdaucy, Carunia Mulya (2008), Membangun Ketangguhan Ekonomi Domestik,

Kementerian Negara Riset dan Teknologi

KPPU (2008), Penjelasan Katalog Putusan KPPU, Periode 2000-Agustus 2008, Jakarta:

Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha Republik Indonesia

------- Laporan 5 tahun KPPU 2000-2005, periode Pengembangan Kelembagaan dan

Implementasi Awal, Komisi Persaingan Usaha Republik Indonesia

--------Laporan Semester satu tahun 2008, Tahun Implementasi Persaingan usaha yang

sehat, Komisi Persaingan Usaha Republik Indonesia

OECD ; Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha Republik Indonesia; Japan International

Cooperation Agency (JICA)(2008) , Pengukuran Dampak Persaingan (Competition

Assessment Tool Kit).

-------Persaingan usaha dan hukum yang mengaturnya di Indonesia (2000), ELIPS

Rice, Robert C. (2000), Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Daya Saing Usaha Kecil Dan

Menengah, Kantor Menteri Negara Koperasi, Pengembangan Usaha Kecil Dan

Menengah dan Proyek Partnership for Economic Growth (PEG)

Tambunan, Tulus T.H. (2008), Development of SMEs in ASEAN, Readworthy Publications,

Ltd. New Delhi.

Tambunan, Tulus T.H ; Martadisastra, Dedie S.(2009), Persaingan Usaha dan Kemiskinan,

Pusat Studi Industri, UMKM dan Persaingan Usaha, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas

Trisakti, Jakarta.

-------- Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan

Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat

Intenational Journal Behaviour Marketing

RESEARCH ARTICLE

MARKETING BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS IN CULTIVATION OF GLORY LILY

Muthukumar, R and Thiyagarajan, S*

Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University,

Annamalainagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

As the globe is awakened to the calls of environmental problems and health hazards, more and more people are showing interest in natural, safer and economical herbal medicines rather than the expensive chemical drugs that have many side effects. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 80.00 per cent of the populations in developing countries rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs. The studies were conducted in Dindigul and Tuticorin district of Tamil Nadu. The sample size of 100 glory lily farmers. They were selected from the respective villages by employing random sampling technique. The data were collected through a well structured interview schedule. It was found that high fluctuation in marketing process, marketing channels, distribution of buyers of the glory lily seeds, method of price fixation, post harvest management, mode of transport, sources of market information for glory lily were the major marketing behaviour of farmers cultivating glory lily

INTRODUCTION

As the globe is awakened to the calls of environmental problems and health hazards, more and more people are showing interest in natural, safer and economical herbal medicines rather than the expensive chemical drugs that have many side effects. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 80.00 per cent of the population in developing countries rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs. India has about seven lakh-registered practitioners belonging to Ayurveda, Unani, Sidha, Tibertian, etc. These systems of medicine solely depend upon herbal products for medicinal treatment. Total global market for medicinal plants is worth about 150 billion dollars and India’s share is only 1.3 billion dollars (0.9%). India’s dismal performance in the global trade can be attributed to many factors. Among these, the major problem is that India exports only 30.00 per cent  of the commodity in the processed form and bulk of 70.00 per cent in raw form thereby causing loss in employment as well as foreign exchange reserves. Besides, over 90.00 per cent of medicinal plants are collected from the wild source, very often in a destructive and unsustainable manner (Natesh and Ram, 1999). In this paper we are discussion about the marketing behaviour of farmers cultivating glory lily

.

METHODOLOGY

Selection of the study area

The state of Tamil Nadu was selected for the present investigation. The selected medicinal plants, glory lily, are grown in this state in large geographical area. Dindigul and Tuticorin districts were selected purposively from each district selected one taluk from each taluk selected one block namely. Oddanchatram was selected from among the blocks, as it has the largest area under glory lily cultivation. Paraivalasu, Ambilikai,

Selection of farmers

Selection of respondents using random sampling technique was used to select farmers cultivating the selected medicinal plants. Hundred farmers were selected randomly from the selected villages. The percentage analysis used for simple comparison.

Marketing channel for glory lily

The marketing channels for tubers and seeds were indentified. The tuber is the propagating material for glory lily. The seed was not preferred due to late flowering of seed propagated plants. There were two major channels available for purchase of tubers. The predominant one was ‘collector - broker - local trader - farmer.’ The collectors were persons in the forest or villages who collected the tubers from the wild. The tubers were collected during January to March. The major source areas for collection were near Dharmapuri border Viralimalai, Pudukottai, and Sathyamangalam. Besides, tubers were also collected from throughout the Tamil Nadu state.

Marketing channels for tubers of glory lily

I. Collector  Broker  Local Trader  Farmer

II. Collector  Broker  Farmer

The collectors sold tubers to brokers based in the small towns or amidst villages. The brokers purchased it daily or on weekdays in shanties. Most of the brokers used to give advances to collectors to ensure the regular supply of tubers. The brokers formed one of the main links in

passing on tubers to farmers. Local traders were part of the chain connecting brokers and farmers. The local traders supplied tubers to farmers on receiving advances. The local traders made the delivery at a farm. The tubers were packed in cardboard boxes and safely transported. The local traders provided information related to area under the crop, expected yield and price in the current and future years. The local traders used to fix the price based on demand. The second popular channel was 'collector – broker farmer'. In this, farmers go to the places of collectors and stay there for few days. The advantage was that they could get tubers at comparatively lower prices. Further, farmers could select the type of planting material they

wished. At the same time the farmers could not find suitable and sufficient quantity of tubers. Therefore, they had to return without purchasing or with little quantity of material.

Marketing channels for seeds of glory

There were mainly three kinds of channels used to market the seeds of glory lily. Among, them, the most widely used channel was ‘farmer - broker - exporter'. Fifty per cent cent of the respondents were following the A bbove channel. The brokers had their residences in the local area and were well known to farmers. Further, the brokers used to provide the required planting material. Farmers perceived the brokers to be more credible rather than anybody else.

I. Farmer  Broker  Exporter

II. Farmer  Exporter

III. Farmer  Traderbroker  Broker  Exporter

Brokers sold the glory lily seeds to exporters. As far as export was concerned, very few exporting companies were in the market. The brokers had the advantage of selling in higher quantity. This provided them power in bargaining for price with exporters. The second major channel was 'farmer - exporter'. More than two-fifth of the farmers (42.00 per cent) were found to be selling seeds directly to exporters. Generally, this category of farmers were organised as a group in selling their produce to exporters. They were of the opinion that complete dependence on broker would not serve the interest of the farmers. The broker might make a huge profit as an intermediary. Further, they were of the opinion that the settlement of transaction and payment of money were quicker in channel II compared to channel I.

Table 1. Distribution of buyers of the glory lily seeds

(n=100)

Categories Number Per cent

Broker 50 50.00

Exporter 42 42.00

Trader cum broker 08 08.00

Only eight cent of the farmers were found to market their produce through the channel III. The channel involved passing on the commodity from ‘farmers through trader-cum-broker to broker and to exporter’. These farmers might have opted for input dealers as their buyer, owing to several reasons. The input dealer might have been perceived to be more credible than anybody

else. This arrangement helped in getting pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers on loan and to pay back the debt to the dealer. Further, the farmer took least risk in getting I he payment. In this channel, the input dealer further sold the seeds to big brokers.

Method of price fixation

The farmers felt it to be the most delicate and difficult activity in the cultivation and marketing of glory lily. The respondents adopted two major practices, i.e. negotiation with exporters or farmers receiving the determined price from brokers. In the first case, a group of farmers used to come together and assess the expected yield of the group and that of the area. Thus, they

decided the quantum to be made available for sale. The exporters sent directly their representatives/ brokers to villages to get the pulse of the market situation. A group of farmers selected a few individuals for negotiation of prices with the exporters. In the first meeting, both the parties discussed the demand and supply situations and the expected price in the current year. Farmers started quoting an initial price considering the availability of quantity with them, cost of cultivation, price of the previous year and expectations of the exporters. The exporters also offered their price to the farmers and the terms and conditions. In the first meeting, normally there would not be any formal and concrete negotiation of price, but both of them assessed the situation. The first meeting normally took place in the month of January during harvest. Then a series of meetings for negotiations were held either directly in the village or on phone. The designated individuals carried on the negotiation. During the month of March -April they concluded their negotiations to arrive at a final price. As the time went on, both the parties got the real picture of the demand and supply. Therefore, it lead to a settlement. In this negotiation, farmers did not have the real picture of the demand figures. Therefore, they were not able to hold on to their position firmly. Their grip was weakened due to their own apprehensions that it could not be sold  to anybody else. In addition, the commodity does not find anywise domestically and there was no other buyer. The farmers felt that the price negotiation was a complicated and difficult process. At times, the details of supply level, needs of the companies, and international price of the commodity were not available with the farmers. Therefore, they could not bargain for a better price for their produce. They carried out the physical transactions of the commodity without finalising the price. So the exporters could process the initial orders making it convenient for them in negotiation. These farmers were paid a certain amount with an assurance that the remaining amount would be settled in the future

based on the final market price. In this context, if the negotiation got prolonged, the farmers in the group became desperate being afraid of their commodity being rejected this year. This anxiety along with transaction prior to finalisation of the price weakened the farmers' position in price negotiations. At times farmers could not find appropriate / reliable translators to carry out negotiations. The whole scenario reflected the lack of transparency and an institutionalised mechanism for price fixation.

The second method of price fixation was that farmers placed their glory lily seeds at brokers' godown or sold seeds to exporters. The farmers were assured to be paid the price that would be fixed in the current year. These farmers were assured of a certain minimum price irrespective of the market condition. Besides, they received certain portion of the amount in advance. Further, they would not have to face the risk of their commodity not being sold in the current year. This category of farmers preferred low risk rather than high price. Further, they would also get the price as the other farmers would from the exporters. However, their practice undermined the bargaining power of all the farmers.

Post-harvest management

The matured pods were harvested manually and sun dried for a week. The glory lily seeds were separated from the pods by beating up with sticks. The glory lily seeds were easily separated as pods were dried. Further, the seeds were spread over cement floors or on empty fertiliser bags. The seeds were dried until the moisture content came down to 10-12 per cent. The seeds were

winnowed to remove stubble, roots, leaves, etc. Most of the farmers followed the uniform practice of post-harvest management. The farmers did face difficulties in finding enough space for drying glory lily seeds during peak seasons of harvesting. This problem got aggravated during the rainy days. It became very difficult to keep dried seeds of various stages separately. In addition, it had to be dried for a longer time. If the seeds were not properly dried,

they got blackened resulting in the loss of the quality of seeds. In this connection, farmers opined to have common concrete drying floor. Few farmers expressed willingness to buy solar driers of the suitable type. Fabrication of suitable device would be of great help to the farmers.

Mode of transport

The harvested pods were transported to the drying floor by the labourers or tractors. The dried seeds were transported to the godown of the broker or exporters by

(Muthukumar and Thiyagarajan, Marketing behaviour of farmers in cultivation of glory lily 003) farmers. As the commodity was not bulky, there was no problem at all with transport.

Sources of market information for glory lily Fellow formers and friends were the most important sources for getting marketing related information with a mean score of 2.51 out of 3.00 followed by brokers (2.10), local merchants (1.56), exporters (0.90), input dealers (0.75), university sources (0.20), and Internet (0.09), whereas the sources like extension personnel, print media, television and radio were not at all considered sources of market information.

Table 2. Sources of market information for glory lily

(n=100)

S. No. Sources Number Rank

1 Fellow farmers and friends 2.51 I

2 Brokers 2.10 II

3 Local Merchants 1.56 III

4 Exporters 0.90 IV

5 Input Dealers 0.75 V

6 University sources 0.20 VI

7 Internet 0.09 VII

8 Extension personnel 0.00 VIII

9 Print media 0.00 IX

10 TV/Radio 0.00 X

The localite sources like fellow farmers and friends and brokers obtained the mean score of above two. This might be due to the fact that they were informal in nature, interacted frequently, easily accessible and credible. Especially the innovative farmers and persons having contact with exporters and brokers were the most frequently used sources of information for marketing of seeds. Brokers were also important because they maintained a close contact with the exporters and farmers cultivating glory lily in that area. They also took keen interest in supplying vital information to farmers, to keep their business with farmers. Followed by local

merchants were also major sources as they supplied tubers for planting. They provided information related to availability and quantity of tubers and expected price for tubers.

Cosmopolitan sources like exporters and input dealers, university and the internet were the other sources of information with a score ranging between 0-1.0. Exporters were the key sources for all the stakeholders. The information on marketing of seeds originated from exporters only. However, farmers consulted them only during harvesting (January- April). The accessibility of exporters to farmers was limitedbecause of language barrier, manipulation of information bv local agents of the exporters and tendency of the exporters not to disclose all the information. These impediments affected the development of a healthy economic relation between farmers and exporters and promotion of glory lily cultivation and trade. Input dealers were also consulted by farmers for getting information related to supply of tubers, pest and disease incidence and predicted yield, expected price and position of various farmer groups about selling the seeds. As input shop served as a hub for congregation of farmers from the nearby villages, the input dealer was able to provide a variety of information related to cultivation and marketing of glory lily. University sources were of minor importance. The farmers, young, educated and innovative, used to visit scientists in Department of Horticulture at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore to get clarification about insect pest and disease problems. They could not provide specific information on marketing of glory lily

effectively. Further, the accessibility to these sources was limited because of long distance, difficulty in getting appointment with scientists and relevancy of the information to farmers' needs. Interestingly, the Internet did find a place, though a minor one, among the list of marketing information sources for glory lily. The young and educated farmers not satisfied with prevailing marketing, conditions used to browse the Internet to know about buyers offering attractive prices. They had limited access to Internet facilities and unable to meticulously use the Internet tool. Ironically and shockingly, the cosmopolitan sourceslike extension personnel, print media and television and radio did not find a place among information sources. Though they were readily accessible to farmers, they did not provide any information on marketing.

CONCLUSION

From the above findings and discussion, it could be concluded that exporters were the only key sources from who marketing information emanated to others. They might not provide accurate information to cultivators owing to their vested interests fro maximizing the profit and not providing chance for others to enter the trade. The localite sources topped the list of information source, but were not capable enough to provide details on export-oriented crop like glory lily. The government source and mass media had minimal or some time performed no role. The medicinal plants boards, at center and state, should take initiatives to promote marketing. Extension personnel too should gear up to meet the divergent needs of the farming sector.

REFERENCES

Natesh, S. and Ram. H.Y. 1999. An update of Green

Medicine, J. Indian Bot. Soc., 78: 13-23.

004 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, pp.001-004, October, 2010

*Corresponding author: bhuvana_sankar@ymail.com

ISSN: 0975-833X

Available online at http://www.journalcra.com

International Journal of Current Research

Vol. 9, pp.001-004, October, 2010

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

OF CURRENT RESEARCH

Key words:

Traditional medicines

Plant drugs

Lily farmers

Article History:

Received 18th August, 2010

Received in revised form

19th September, 2010

Accepted 23rd September, 2010

Published online 1st October, 2010

© Copy Right, IJCR, 2010 Academic Journals. All rights reserved.

Kallimandayam, Rotupudur and Kappalpatty having

large area under glory lily were the five selected villages

in Oddanchatram block.

002 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, pp.001-004, October, 2010